Brain morphology in Klinefelter syndrome: extra X chromosome and testosterone supplementation.

OBJECTIVE This study focuses on variation in brain morphology associated with supernumerary X chromosome and Klinefelter syndrome (KS). Using an unselected birth cohort of KS subjects and high-resolution MRI, the authors investigated the neuroanatomic consequences of the 47,XXY karyotype in the presence and absence of exogenous testosterone supplementation. METHODS Regional brain volumes were measured in 10 subjects with KS and 10 age-matched control men. Five of the KS subjects had received testosterone supplementation since puberty (KS+T) and five had not (KS-T). RESULTS KS subjects showed significant (p < 0.01) reduction in left temporal lobe gray matter volumes compared with normal control subjects. Differences in left temporal gray volumes were also significant between the KS+T and KS-T groups (p < 0.01). Verbal fluency scores were significantly different between the KS+T and KS-T groups as well. CONCLUSION Supernumerary X chromosome material in men is associated with a reduction in left temporal lobe gray matter, a finding that is consistent with the verbal and language deficits associated with KS. Also, relative preservation of gray matter in the left temporal region is associated with exposure to exogenous androgen during development. A history of testosterone supplementation also appears to be associated with increased verbal fluency scores in KS patients.